Corrections, Retractions, and Expressions of Concern

The journal is committed to maintaining the accuracy and integrity of the scholarly record. Where errors, ethical concerns, or unreliable findings are identified after publication, the journal will assess the matter and take appropriate action. The journal will follow relevant COPE guidance when considering post-publication actions. Depending on the nature and seriousness of the issue, the journal may publish:

Correction

A correction may be issued when an error affects part of a published article but does not invalidate the overall findings or conclusions.

Retraction

A retraction may be issued when the findings are unreliable due to serious errors, research misconduct, plagiarism, unethical research practices, or other circumstances that undermine the integrity of the publication.

Expression of Concern

An expression of concern may be issued when substantial concerns have been raised but an investigation is ongoing or the available evidence is insufficient for a final determination.

All corrections, retractions, and expressions of concern will be clearly identified and linked to the original article wherever possible. The original publication record will be maintained transparently, with its publication status clearly indicated.