Mobilizing Landscapes: Integrating Transportation Networks in Recreational Planning and Protected Area Governance
Authors
-
Daniel Etim Jacob
Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Uyo, Uyo 520001, Nigeria
-
Imaobong Daniel Jacob
Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Uyo, Uyo 520001, Nigeria
-
Koko Sunday Daniel
Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Uyo, Uyo 520001, Nigeria
-
Angela Ngozi Okeke
Department of Forestry and Wildlife Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri 460001, Nigeria
-
Gideon Efiakedoho
Department of Forestry and Wildlife, University of Uyo, Uyo 520001, Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55121/tdr.v4i1.1162Abstract
As global visitation to PAs (Protected Areas) nears record highs, the Island Model of car-centric governance has become a primary culprit of ecological degradation and social marginalization. This review follows changes in transportation in PAs from early scenic drive glimpses in the aesthetics of nature, through the overwhelmed shock of COVID and over-tourism, to coauthoring a new management approach, the Socio-Ecological Mobility Structure (SEMF). Envisioned as a revolution in protected area governance, the SEMF aims to reconceptualize protected areas not as isolated sanctuaries but rather as dynamic nodes within regional socio-ecological transportation networks. Combining three key concepts from Green Transit Corridors, Soft Mobility Networks, and Digital Governance, the SEMF promises a new scalable strategy to meet the Dual Mandate of public access and resource protection. In this paper, we discuss the technical needs and governance interventions needed to transition toward Infrastructure Dematerialization, as exemplified by the use of the Mobility Health Index (MHI) to inform visitor flow management. By comparing remote and urban fringe protected area dynamics, we show that solving the Last Mile Problem and achieving Mobility Justice are part of ecological necessity, not altruism, and decoupling visitation from the environment by a Decoupling Coefficient (D), to supply the intuition, data, and analytics, will be essential to 21st-century conservation. Because of this, we conclude that maintaining the wildland urban interface in the future depends upon the reconceptualization of transportation from an added logistical burden to an elegant means of fostering ecological and social resilience.
Keywords
Socio-Ecological Mobility Framework (SEMF), Protected Area Governance, Mobility Justice, Green Transit Corridors, Recreation Ecology, Smart Mobility, Infrastructure Dematerialization, Dual MandateReferences
[1] Jacob, D.E., Jacob, I.D., Daniel, K.S., et al., 2025. The Extended Land-Use Footprint of Protected Area Recreation: Assessing Off-Site Impacts and Mitigation Strategies. Land Management and Utilization. 1(3), 32–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54963/lmu.v1i3.1728
[2] Jacob, D.E., 2017. Resource Governance Structure in Selected Nigerian National Parks and Impact on Rural Livelihood [PhD Thesis]. Federal University of Agriculture: Abeokuta, Nigeria.
[3] Hoesen, J., 2023. “Bright Spots” and Effectively Communicating the Ecological and Social Outcomes of Protected and Conserved Areas in Canada [Master's Thesis]. Wilfrid Laurier University: Waterloo, ON, USA. Available from: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/2573/
[4] Ver, P., Jacob, D., 2021. Determinants and perception of visitors’ satisfaction in Nigerian protected areas. Eurasian Journal of Forest Science. 9(3), 220–234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31195/ejejfs.842996
[5] Norton, B.G., 1994. Toward Unity Among Environmentalists. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.
[6] Izah, S.C., Jacob, D.E., Nеlson, I.U., et al., 2024. Exploring the Influence of Protected Areas on Water Crises in the Global South: A Balancing Act. In: Izah, S.C., Ogwu, M.C., Loukas, A., et al. (Eds.). Water Crises and Sustainable Management in the Global South. Springer Nature: Singapore. pp. 625–654. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-4966-9_20
[7] Bruschi, D., Astiaso Garcia, D., Gugliermetti, F., et al., 2015. Characterizing the fragmentation level of Italian’s National Parks due to transportation infrastructures. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 36, 18–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2015.02.006
[8] Kimuli, I., Kirabira, J.B., Nkambwe, I., et al., 2025. Sustainable urban transportation planning: Integrating an electrified metro system into Kampala metropolis. Multimodal Transportation. 4(3), 100220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.multra.2025.100220
[9] Balčiauskas, L., Kučas, A., Balčiauskienė, L., 2025. A Review of Wildlife–Vehicle Collisions: A Multidisciplinary Path to Sustainable Transportation and Wildlife Protection. Sustainability. 17(10), 4644. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104644
[10] Jacob D.E., Udoakpan U.I., Nelson I.U., 2012. Contemporary development activities and natural resources management in Nigeria: Past and current measures. Journal of Geography, Environment and Planning. 8(2), 143–152.
[11] Kryukov, V.A., Golubeva, E.I., 2023. How Protected Areas Are Transforming Within Megapolis: An Advanced Spatiotemporal Legislative Model. Geography, Environment, Sustainability. 16(3), 52–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2022-2614
[12] Ennas, S., Contu, F., Di Francesco, M., et al., 2024. Best Practices in Integrated Demand-Responsive Transport Services for People and Freight. In: Gervasi, O., Murgante, B., Garau, C., et al. (Eds.). Computational Science and Its Applications—ICCSA 2024 Workshops, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Nature: Cham, Switzerland. pp. 73–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-65343-8_5
[13] Leung, Y.-F., Spenceley, A., Hvenegaard, G., et al., 2020. Tourism and visitor management in protected areas: Guidelines for sustainability. IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature: Gland, Switzerland. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.PAG.27.mn
[14] Mace, B.L., Marquit, J.D., Bates, S.C., 2013. Visitor Assessment of the Mandatory Alternative Transportation System at Zion National Park. Environmental Management. 52(5), 1271–1285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-013-0164-z
[15] Vecchio, G., 2023. Transferring transport policy problems: The instrumental role of social concerns in policy transfer. Planning Practice & Research. 38(6), 815–829. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2022.2061105
[16] Maharjan, S., Janatabadi, F., Ermagun, A., 2024. Spatial Inequity of Transit and Automobile Access Gap across America for Underserved Population. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2678(1), 674–690. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981231171914
[17] Barajas, J.M., Wang, W., 2022. Mobility Justice in Rural California: Examining Transportation Barriers and Adaptations in Carless Households. National Center for Sustainable Transportation: Davis, CA, USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7922/G2X928NC
[18] Nikolaeva, A., Adey, P., Cresswell, T., et al., 2019. Commoning mobility: Towards a new politics of mobility transitions. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 44(2), 346–360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12287
[19] Sheller, M., 2023. Mobility justice after climate coloniality: mobile commoning as a relational ethics of care. Australian Geographer. 54(4), 433–447. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2023.2178247
[20] Barnett, J.E., 2014. Diversity Outdoors: a Phenomenological Study of Diversity Benefits to the US Recreation Economy [PhD Thesis]. California Southern University: Costa Mesa, CA, USA. Available from: https://www.proquest.com/openview/84e7bea9887208fde9c47d5e9bb954d9/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
[21] Mpanang'ombe, W., 2023. Addressing Car Dependency in Cape Town: Reviewing How the City’s Mobility and Spatial Frameworks Can Transcend Car-Oriented Urbanism [Master's Thesis]. University of Cape Town: Cape Town, South Africa. Available from: https://open.uct.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/0048b89f-f54d-4214-8659-16c050e76e94/content
[22] Interagency Visitor Use Management Council (IVUMC), 2016. Visitor Use Management Framework: a Guide To Providing Sustainable Outdoor Recreation. IVUMC: Lakewood, CO, USA. Available from: https://visitorusemanagement.nps.gov/Content/documents/lowres_VUM%20Framework_Edition%201_IVUMC.pdf
[23] Lhoumeau, S., Borges, P., 2025. Up from the bottom: Consistent vertical distance-decay in arthropod assemblage similarity across native and exotic forests in Terceira island (Azores). Preprint. Authorea. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.174860842.21486795/v1
[24] Chen, P., Wang, W., Qian, C., et al., 2024. Gravity-based models for evaluating urban park accessibility: Why does localized selection of attractiveness factors and travel modes matter? Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science. 51(4), 904–922. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083231206168
[25] Xiao, X., Aultman-Hall, L., Manning, R., et al., 2018. The impact of spatial accessibility and perceived barriers on visitation to the US national park system. Journal of Transport Geography. 68, 205–214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.03.012
[26] Rodrigue, J.-P., 2020. The Geography of Transport Systems, 5th ed. Routledge: London, UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429346323
[27] Wang, Y., Rigolon, A., Park, K., 2024. Transit to parks initiatives in the U.S. and Canada: Practitioners’ perspectives. Transport Policy. 154, 84–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2024.06.007
[28] Comi, A., Savchenko, L., 2021. Last-mile delivering: Analysis of environment-friendly transport. Sustainable Cities and Society. 74, 103213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103213
[29] Liu, B., 2023. Human Settlement, Inhabitation, and Travel Environment Construction Theory and Technology. In The Trialism and Application of Human Settlement, Inhabitation and Travel Environment Studies. Springer Nature: Singapore. pp. 185–267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9143-1_6
[30] Roy, S., 2023. Ecological Disturbances by Transportation Infrastructure. In Disturbing Geomorphology by Transportation Infrastructure, Earth and Environmental Sciences Library. Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland. pp. 189–203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37897-3_8
[31] Eker, M., Acar, H.H., Çoban, H., 2010. The potential ecological impacts of forest roads. Turkish Journal of Forestry. 11(1), 109–125. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tjf/article/224327
[32] Liu, J., 2025. Progress in research on the effects of environmental factors on natural forest regeneration. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. 8, 1525461. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2025.1525461
[33] Riley, S.P.D., Brown, J.L., Sikich, J.A., et al., 2014. Wildlife Friendly Roads: The Impacts of Roads on Wildlife in Urban Areas and Potential Remedies. In: McCleery, R.A., Moorman, C.E., Peterson, M.N. (Eds.). Urban Wildlife. Springer: Boston, MA, USA. pp. 323–360. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7500-3_15
[34] Trombulak, S.C., Frissell, C.A., 2000. Review of Ecological Effects of Roads on Terrestrial and Aquatic Communities. Conservation Biology. 14(1), 18–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99084.x
[35] Das, S. 2023. Business Environment and Ethics. Bookboon: London, UK. Available from: http://biitm.dspaces.org/bitstream/123456789/984/1/BUSINESS%20ENVIRONMENT%20AND%20ETHICS%20%2C%20Smaranika%20Madam.pdf
[36] Shannon, G., McKenna, M.F., Angeloni, L.M., et al., 2016. A synthesis of two decades of research documenting the effects of noise on wildlife. Biological Reviews. 91(4), 982–1005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12207
[37] Spernbauer, B., Monz, C., Smith, J.W., 2022. The effects and trade-offs of alternative transportation systems in U.S. National Park Service units: An integrative review. Journal of Environmental Management. 315, 115138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115138
[38] Sheller, M., Urry, J., 2006. The New Mobilities Paradigm. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space. 38(2), 207–226. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/a37268
[39] Jacob, D., Jacob, I., Daniel, K., et al., 2025. Whose Landscape Is Protected? Rethinking Recreational Planning through Land Justice, Rural Revitalization, and Ecological Integrity. Land Management and Utilization. 1(3), 50–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54963/lmu.v1i3.1887
[40] Pucher, J., Renne, J.L., 2003. Socioeconomics of urban travel: Evidence from the 2001 NHTS. Transportation Quarterly. 57(3), 49–77. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235359454_Socioeconomics_of_Urban_Travel_Evidence_from_the_2001_NHTS
[41] Sheller, M., 2018. Mobility Justice: The Politics Of Movement In An Age Of Extremes. Verso Books: London, UK.
[42] Girgrah, R., 2023. BIPOC Communities in the Outdoors: Insisting, Resisting, and Persisting [Master’s Thesis]. University of Victoria: Victoria, BC, Canada. Available from: https://dspace.library.uvic.ca/items/b40a7f13-bc15-464e-854c-e636c443c9ee
[43] Bruntlett, C., Bruntlett, M., 2021. Curbing Traffic: The Human Case For Fewer Cars In Our Lives. Island Press: Washington, DC, USA.
[44] Abdullah, A.F., 2024. Big Data Analytics for Enhanced Traffic Flow Optimization in Urban Transportation Networks. Journal of Applied Cybersecurity Analytics, Intelligence, and Decision-Making Systems. 14(12), 45–53. Available from: https://sciencespress.com/index.php/JACAIDMS/article/view/12
[45] Ostrom, E., 2009. A General Framework for Analyzing Sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems. Science. 325(5939), 419–422. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1172133
[46] Sciara, G.C., Handy, S., 2017. Regional transportation planning. In The Geography of Urban Transportation, 4th ed. Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA. pp. 139–163.
[47] Schoon, M., Cox, M., 2018. Collaboration, Adaptation, and Scaling: Perspectives on Environmental Governance for Sustainability. Sustainability. 10(3), 679. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030679
[48] Cumming, G.S., Rogers, A.A., Collins, T.G., et al., 2025. Social-ecological contributions of protected areas to their surroundings. One Earth. 8(12), 101462. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2025.101462
[49] Coppes, J., Burghardt, F., Hagen, R., et al., 2017. Human recreation affects spatio-temporal habitat use patterns in red deer (Cervus elaphus). PLOS ONE. 12(5), e0175134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175134
[50] Geneletti, D., 2003. Biodiversity Impact Assessment of roads: An approach based on ecosystem rarity. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 23(3), 343–365. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-9255(02)00099-9
[51] Brahinsky, R., Tarr, A., 2020. A People’s Guide to the San Francisco Bay Area. University of California Press: Oakland, CA, USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520963320
[52] Sellars, R.W., 2007. The national park system and the historic American past: A brief overview and reflection. The George Wright Forum. 24(1), 8–22. Available from: https://npshistory.com/publications/sellars/gwf-241sellars.pdf
[53] Gross, R.L., 2014. “See, Experience, and Enjoy”: Visuality and the Tourist Experience in the National Parks, 1864-1966 [Master’s Thesis]. The Parsons School of Design: New York, NY, USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5479/si.parsons.201511240804
[54] McClelland, L.F., 1998. Building the National Parks: Historic Landscape Design and Construction. JHU Press: Baltimore, MD, USA.
[55] Turner, L., 2021. Musical trail-making in Southern Appalachia. Ethnomusicology Forum. 30(3), 397–421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17411912.2021.2008262
[56] Louter, D., 2009. Windshield Wilderness: Cars, Roads, and Nature in Washington’s National Parks. University of Washington Press: Washington, DC, USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780295989846
[57] Sutter, P.S., 2009. Driven Wild: How the Fight against Automobiles Launched the Modern Wilderness Movement. University of Washington Press: Washington, DC, USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780295989907
[58] Kinsley, R.A., 2013. Mission 66: Where Are We Now? The Preservation And Re-Use Of Mission 66 Visitor Centers [Master’s Thesis]. Columbia University: New York, NY, USA. Available from: https://npshistory.com/publications/mission66/kinsley-thesis-2013.pdf
[59] Mausbach, A.G., 2010. Paradigm Shift: The Aesthetic of the Automobile in the Age of Sustainability [PhD Thesis]. Royal College of Art: London, UK. Available from: https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=3zweE5wAAAAJ&citation_for_view=3zweE5wAAAAJ:9yKSN-GCB0IC
[60] Pettebone, D., Neman, P., Lawson, S.R., et al., 2011. Estimating visitors’ travel mode choices along the Bear Lake Road in Rocky Mountain National Park. Journal of Transport Geography. 19(6), 1210–1221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.05.002
[61] D’Antonio, A., Monz, C., Newman, P., et al., 2013. Enhancing the utility of visitor impact assessment in parks and protected areas: A combined social–ecological approach. Journal of Environmental Management. 124, 72–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.03.036
[62] Nian, S., Chen, M., Zhang, X., et al., 2023. How Outstanding Universal Value Attractiveness and Tourism Crowding Affect Visitors’ Satisfaction? Behavioral Sciences. 13(2), 112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13020112
[63] Morgan, M.K., 2022. Autonomous Motives: Tech, Shared Mobility, Privatization, and the Utopian Imaginary in the Bay Area [PhD Thesis]. University of California, Santa Cruz: Santa Cruz, CA, USA. Available from: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5g24n99n
[64] Ferguson, L.A., Taff, B.D., Blanford, J.I., et al., 2024. Understanding park visitors’ soundscape perception using subjective and objective measurement. PeerJ. 12, e16592. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16592
[65] Cazzolla Gatti, R., 2025. Ecological Peace Corridors: A new conservation strategy to protect human and biological diversity. Biological Conservation. 302, 110947. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110947
[66] Daigle, J., 2019. Developing forestry recreation services. In Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing: Cambridge, UK. pp. 807–830. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19103/AS.2019.0057.26
[67] Benedict, M.A., McMahon, E.T., 2012. Green Infrastructure: Linking Landscapes and Communities. Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.41379772
[68] Chen, Y., Yue, W., La Rosa, D., 2020. Which communities have better accessibility to green space? An investigation into environmental inequality using big data. Landscape and Urban Planning. 204, 103919. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103919
[69] Sheller, M., 2018. Theorising mobility justice. Tempo Social. 30(2), 17–34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/0103-2070.ts.2018.142763
[70] Yang, H., Huang, W., Yang, D., et al., 2025. Innovation in Comprehensive Transportation Network Planning in the Context of National Spatial Development: Institutional Constraints and Policy Responses. Land. 14(5), 1046. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land14051046
[71] Rasli, F.N., Juhari, M.L., Halim, A.H.A., 2025. Green Corridors in Coordinating and Supporting SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science. VIII(XII), 1053–1071. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.8120089
[72] Neelis, I., Neuts, B., Nesterova, N., et al., 2024. Sustainable Mobility Within Nature Areas: Literature Review. European Commission: Brussels, Belgium. Available from: https://pure.buas.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/35547689/MONA_D1.1.1_Sustainable_mobility_within_nature_areas_-_Literature_review.pdf
[73] Jacob, D.E., Jacob, I.D., Daniel, K.S., et al., 2025. The Influence of Outdoor Recreational Activities on Cognitive Functions in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Ecological Psychology and Human Behavior. 1(1), 1–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54963/ephb.v1i1.2289
[74] Jacob, D.E., Nelson, I.U., Izah, S.C., 2024. Healing Trails: Integrating Medicinal Plant Walks into Recreational Development. In: Izah, S.C., Ogwu, M.C., Akram, M. (Eds.). Herbal Medicine Phytochemistry, Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland. pp. 2049–2102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43199-9_68
[75] Barbiero, G., Berto, R., 2021. Biophilia as Evolutionary Adaptation: An Onto- and Phylogenetic Framework for Biophilic Design. Frontiers in Psychology. 12, 700709. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.700709
[76] Corazza, M.V., 2024. A Comprehensive Research Agenda for Integrating Ecological Principles into the Transportation Sector. Sustainability. 16(16), 7081. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167081
[77] Jacob, D.E., Ekpe, E.E., Jacob, I.D., et al., 2025. Neurobiological and clinical benefits of nature exposure: Integrating active and passive restorative mechanisms. Advances in Medicine and Health Sciences Journal. 2, 005. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/400735617_Neurobiological_and_Clinical_Benefits_of_Nature_Exposure_Integrating_Active_and_Passive_Restorative_Mechanisms
[78] Jacob, D.E., Daniel, K.S., Jacob, I.D., et al., 2025. Atmospheric Particulates as Vectors for Pathogen Transmission in Protected Areas. Advances in Medicine & Health Sciences Journal. 1. Available from: https://www.amhsj.org/vol/1/article006
[79] Basrawi, M.S., 2024. Study the Impact of Tourism on the Environment and Local Culture. Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing. 7(68), 1–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.36571/ajsp681
[80] Zaffagnini, T., Lelli, G., Fabbri, I., et al., 2022. Innovative Street Furniture Supporting Electric Micro-mobility for Active Aging. In: Scataglini, S., Imbesi, S., Marques, G. (Eds.). Internet of Things for Human-Centered Design, Studies in Computational Intelligence. Springer Nature: Singapore. pp. 313–327. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8488-3_15
[81] Zimik, A.S.S., Barman, A., Ranjan, S.K., 2026. Constructed Environment for Tourism: A Case Study Using a Conceptual Framework and Guidelines. SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6012954
[82] Oko PA, Jacob DE, Jacob ID, Okweche SI., 2024. Leveraging smart park technologies for climate change mitigation and environmental resilience. In Connecting Nigeria Wildlife and People in an Era of Insecurity and Economic Challenge. Aliko Dangote University of Science and Technology: Kano, Nigeria. pp. 421–429.
[83] Jacob, D.E., Olajide, O., 2011. Relevance and challenges of geographic information system (GIS) in the management of protected forest in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Agricultural Food and Environment. 7(2), 63–66.
[84] De Mel, S.J.C., Seneweera, S., De Mel, R.K., et al., 2022. Current and Future Approaches to Mitigate Conflict between Humans and Asian Elephants: The Potential Use of Aversive Geofencing Devices. Animals. 12(21), 2965. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12212965
[85] Neckermann, L., 2017. Smart Cities, Smart Mobility: Transforming The Way We Live And Work. Troubador Publishing Ltd: Leicestershire, UK.
[86] Dey, D., Roy, J., Islam, R., et al., 2020. Socio-ecological approaches in the science of pricing ecosystem services: A perception-based study in some wetlands of Asia and the Pacific. APN Science Bulletin. 15, 68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30852/sb.2025.2889
[87] Guo, J.-H., Guo, T., Lin, K.-M., et al., 2019. Managing congestion at visitor hotspots using park-level use level data: Case study of a Chinese World Heritage Site. PLOS ONE. 14(7), e0215266. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215266
[88] Irazábal, C., 2018. Coastal Urban Planning in The ‘Green Republic’: Tourism Development and the Nature–Infrastructure Paradox in Costa Rica. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 42(5), 882–913. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12654
[89] Pejchar, L., Reed, S.E., 2023. Conservation on the Urban Fringe: Sustaining Biodiversity and Advancing Equity in Suburban Ecosystems. In: Lambert, M., Schell, C. (Eds.). Urban Biodiversity and Equity. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK. pp. 65–78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198877271.003.0004
[90] Lawson, S., Chamberlin, R., Choi, J., et al., 2011. Modeling the Effects of Shuttle Service on Transportation System Performance and Quality of Visitor Experience in Rocky Mountain National Park. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2244(1), 97–106. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3141/2244-13
[91] Sampieri, A., Paoli, A., 2025. Incorporating active commuting into daily life: A narrative review of e-bikes’ impact on health and urban air quality. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 7, 1662076. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1662076
[92] Moriarty, P., Honnery, D., 2013. Greening passenger transport: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production. 54, 14–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.04.008
[93] Carr, M., Groulx, M., Harris, N., et al., 2025. Catching feelings in nature: Experiential insights about access and inclusion in parks, protected and other conserved areas. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 33(10), 2261–2279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2024.2442618
[94] Timothy, D.J., Boyd, S.W., 2014. Tourism and Trails: Cultural, Ecological and Management Issues. Multilingual Matters. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21832/9781845414795
[95] Marsden, G., Reardon, L., 2017. Questions of governance: Rethinking the study of transportation policy. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 101, 238–251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2017.05.008
[96] Earle, A., 2025. Valuing America’s Best Idea: Demand for the US National Park System. Available from: https://anearle24.github.io/web/ValuingAmericasBestIdea.pdf (cited 13 February 2026).
[97] Khan, M.J., 2014. Testing The Convergent Validity of Contingent Valuation and Travel Cost Methods for Valuing the Recreational Fisheries in New York State [Master's Thesis]. Cornell University: Ithaca, NY, USA. Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/TESTING-THE-CONVERGENT-VALIDITY-OF-CONTINGENT-AND-Khan/c3205a309bf33d116ccaad24a11a7983e43b51aa
[98] Orsi, F., 2015. Sustainable Transportation in Natural and Protected Areas. Routledge: London, UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315765396
[99] Gans, M., 2022. Wilderness & the Geotag: Exploring the Relationship between Georeferenced Social Media Data and Recreational Visitation in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness, WA. Central Washington University: Ellensburg, WA, USA. Available from: https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/source/2022/COTS/43/
[100] Wolch, J.R., Byrne, J., Newell, J.P., 2014. Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities ‘just green enough.’ Landscape and Urban Planning. 125, 234–244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017
[101] Monz, C.A., Pickering, C.M., Hadwen, W.L., 2013. Recent advances in recreation ecology and the implications of different relationships between recreation use and ecological impacts. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 11(8), 441–446. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1890/120358
[102] Gomes, D.G.E., Francis, C.D., Barber, J.R., 2021. Using the Past to Understand the Present: Coping with Natural and Anthropogenic Noise. BioScience. 71(3), 223–234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biaa161
[103] Ribeiro, M.C., Muylaert, R.D.L., Dodonov, P., et al., 2016. 4. Dealing with Fragmentation and Road Effects in Highly Degraded and Heterogeneous Landscapes. In: Gheler-Costa, C., Lyra-Jorge, M.C., Martins Verdade, L. (Eds.). Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes of Southeastern Brazil. De Gruyter Open: Warsaw, Poland. pp. 43–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110480849-006
[104] Bosone, L., Bertoldo, R., 2022. The Greater the Contact, the Closer the Threat: The Influence of Contact with Nature on the Social Perception of Biodiversity Loss and the Effectiveness of Conservation Behaviours. Sustainability. 14(24), 16490. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416490
[105] AbdelMagid, M., AbdelRazig, Y., Smith, D., et al., 2023. Transportation system performance capabilities for vulnerable populations. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 96, 103991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103991
[106] Templeton, A., 2018. Driving Towards Sustainability: A Case Study of the Facilitators and Inhibitors of Electrifying Drive Tourism within the United States National Park System [PhD Thesis]. University of Central Florida: Orlando, FL, USA. Available from: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/5913/
Downloads
How to Cite
Copyright & License
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Etim Jacob, Imaobong Daniel Jacob, Koko Sunday Daniel, Angela Ngozi Okeke, Gideon Efiakedoho
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Submit Manuscript