Shapes with negative pressure gradients on their surfaces were proposed in order to avoid separation of the boundary layer. Wind tunnel tests have confirmed the absence of separation on some bodies of revolution similar to the trunks of aquatic animals. According to the Tollmin-Schlichting-Lin theory, the boundary-layer on a flat plate remains laminar for any... more

Rapid urbanization in Greater Kuala Lumpur has intensified automobile dependency, causing congestion and environmental concerns. Although urban rail systems are promoted as sustainable alternatives, their adoption remains limited. This study examines how service quality influences commuter loyalty and whether satisfaction mediates this relationship within Malaysia’s urban rail context (KTM Komuter, LRT, MRT). A structured questionnaire... more