The advent of driverless technology and supporting infrastructure has enabled the implementation of autonomous shuttles for enhancing mobility and providing first and last-mile (F & LM) connectivity. These shuttles have been employed to address short-distance travel needs, serve internal transportation needs, and cater to specific use cases, such as recreational parks, business parks, and university campuses. Successful... more

Digitalisation and automation of operations in the railway industry include the use of Automatic Train Operation systems that provide automated functions to reach different levels of automation, known as the Grade of Automation (GoA) levels. These levels go up to GoA4 in which the train is automatically controlled without any staff on board. Artificial intelligence... more