Philosophy's Independence in Modernity: The Temporality of Myth and "Equality of Intelligences" as Conditions for Cultivating the Philosophical Environment

Authors

  • Nikita Konstantinovich Nekliudov *

    Independent Researcher, Saint Petersburg 194295, Russia

  • Siyana Vitalievna Shchepanovskaya

    Independent Researcher, Saint Petersburg 195256, Russia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55121/prr.v3i1.959

Keywords:

Philosophical Practice, Philosophical Communities, Symbolic Crisis, Symbolic Forms, Mythopoiesis in Philosophy, Philosophy for Children, Intellectual Emancipation, Mindfulness

Abstract

Contemporary mass interest in self-improvement and mindfulness requires philosophy to solve the problems of a modern soul no worse than other initiatives in the field of mind ecology. However, professional philosophers lose the philosophy and reduce it, for example, to teaching critical thinking. It often turns into a market product and falls victim to oversimplification. This stems from the fact that contemporary philosophical practice often actualizes only the "logical" tendencies of philosophy, thereby merely sustaining the broader cultural orientation toward rationality, the other side of which, as we know, is the crisis of the symbolic. However, the philosophers tend to avoid including a mythopoetic philosophical tradition in their practice, as myth and symbol remain fundamentally unmanageable within modern culture, evoking deep-seated disquiet. Evidently, it is the rare unity of these two vectors that creates the mystery and hypnotism of philosophy and its great names. Thus, the main idea of the article is that the modern way of philosophy can be shaped by myth-symbolic temporality, which is excluded from contemporary philosophy at the institutional and communicative dimensions. This time-as-intensity (especially in its renewal qualities) has to be integrated into the philosophical event (which finds its sharpness in the linear time of history) in a non-reductive manner. This is no longer a purely theoretical perspective in which mythopoiesis is internalized or monologized, but the prospect of a new type of philosophical practice and communities, which we propose to understand as an environment of already-non-reflective openness to myth and symbol.

References

[1] Sukhachev, V.Y., 2003. The Study of Man: Main Approaches in Philosophical Anthropology [PhD Thesis]. Available from: https://www.dissercat.com/content/issledovanie-cheloveka-osnovnye-podkhody-v-filosofskoi-antropologii (cited 16 November 2025). (in Russian)

[2] Collins, R., 2000. The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA.

[3] McIntyre, L., McHugh, N., Olasov, I. (Eds.), 2022. A Companion to Public Philosophy. Wiley-Blackwell: Hoboken, NJ, USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119635253

[4] Ding, X., Pan, T., 2022. Philosophical practice as spiritual exercises towards truth, wisdom, and virtue. Religions. 13(4), 364. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13040364

[5] Merleau-Ponty, M., 2011. Phenomenology of Perception. Landes, D.A. (Trans.). Routledge: London, UK.

[6] Cassirer, E., 2020. The Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, Volume 3: Phenomenology of Cognition. Lofts, S.G. (Trans.). Routledge: London, UK.

[7] Deleuze, G., Guattari, F., 1987. A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Massumi, B. (Trans.). University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis, MN, USA.

[8] Agamben, G., 2009. "What is an Apparatus?" and Other Essays. Kishik, D., Pedatella, S. (Trans.). Stanford University Press: Stanford, CA, USA.

[9] Daily Stoic. What is Stoicism? A Definition and 9 Stoic Exercises to Get You Started. Available from: https://dailystoic.com/ (cited 16 November 2025).

[10] Mamardashvili, M.K., Levin, I.D., Shrader, Y.A., et al., 1991. Questions of Philosophy. Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Moscow, Russia. Available from: https://djvu.online/file/NovYCwYJwjSke (in Russian)

[11] Aristotle, 2016. Metaphysics. Ross, W.D. (Trans.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform: Scotts Valley, CA, USA.

[12] Ayalon, N.L., 2025. Philosophical community from a historical perspective. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. 110, 40–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2025.02.002

[13] Bachelard, G., 1987. The Psychoanalysis of Fire. Ross, A.C.M. (Trans.). Beacon Press: Boston, MA, USA.

[14] Zhuang, Z., 1996. The Complete Works of Chuang Tzu. Watson, B. (Trans.). Columbia University Press: New York, NY, USA.

[15] Nietzsche, F., 1978. Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Kaufmann, W. (Trans.). Penguin Books: New York, NY, USA.

[16] Grebenshchikov, B.B., 2018. Songs and Texts. Eksmo: Moscow, Russia. (in Russian)

[17] Eyerman R., 2013. Social theory and trauma. Acta Sociologica. 56(1), 41–53.

[18] Nussbaum M.C., 2010. Not for Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities. Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA.

[19] Onfray, M., 2004. The Miseries (and Grandeur) of Philosophy. Available from: https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2004/10/ONFRAY/11576 (cited 16 November 2025). (in French)

[20] Rancière, J., 1999. Disagreement: Politics and Philosophy. University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis, MN, USA.

[21] Latour, B., 2005. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.

[22] Agamben, G., 1998. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Heller-Roazen, D. (Trans.). Stanford University Press: Stanford, CA, USA.

[23] Mittelmark, M.B., Bauer, G.F., Vaandrager, L., et al. (Eds.), 2022. The Handbook of Salutogenesis, 2nd ed. Springer: Cham, Switzerland.

[24] Badiou, A., 1999. Manifesto for Philosophy. Madarasz, N. (Trans.). State University of New York Press: Albany, NY, USA.

[25] Goody, J., 2006. The Theft of History. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK; New York, NY, USA.

[26] Nietzsche, F., 1993. The Birth of Tragedy: Out of the Spirit of Music. Tanner, M. (Ed.). Whiteside, S. (Trans.). Penguin Classics: London, UK.

[27] Jung, C.G., 1991. The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious, 2nd ed. Hull, R.F.C. (Trans.). Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA.

[28] Beith, D., 2018. The Birth of Sense: Generative Passivity in Merleau-Ponty's Philosophy. Ohio University Press: Athens, OH, USA.

[29] Merleau-Ponty, M., 1988. In Praise of Philosophy and Other Essays. Wild, J., Edie, J.M., O'Neill, J. (Trans.). Northwestern University Press: Evanston, IL, USA.

[30] Brenifier, O., 2020. The Philosophical Consultation. Available from: https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/52662432-the-philosophical-consultation (cited 16 November 2025).

[31] Baudrillard, J., 1994. Simulacra and Simulation. Glaser, S.F. (Trans.). University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

[32] Rancière, J., 1991. The Ignorant Schoolmaster: Five Lessons in Intellectual Emancipation. Ross, K. (Trans.). Stanford University Press: Stanford, CA, USA.

[33] Shukla, A., 2023. Reviving the Classical Tradition: Philosophical Counseling for the 21st Century. Budhi: A Journal of Ideas and Culture. 27(2), 2. Available from: https://archium.ateneo.edu/budhi/vol27/iss2/2

[34] Ding, X., Harteloh, P., Pan, T., et al., 2024. The practical turn in philosophy: A revival of the ancient art of living through modern philosophical practice. Metaphilosophy. 55(4–5), 517–534.

[35] Heidegger, M., 2002. The Age of the World Picture. In Off the Beaten Track. Young, J., Haynes, K. (Trans.). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. pp. 57–85.

[36] Bachelard, G., 2014. The Poetics of Space. Jolas, M. (Trans.). Penguin Books: New York, NY, USA.

[37] Losev, A.F., 2003. The Dialectics of Myth. Marchenkov, V. (Trans.). Routledge: London, UK.

[38] MacDonald, I., 1994. Revolution in the Head: The Beatles’ Records and the Sixties. Fourth Estate: London, UK.

[39] Jung, C.G., 1970. Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Volume 10: Civilization in Transition. Adler, G., Hull, R.F.C. (Trans.). Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA.

[40] Ricoeur, P., 2008. The Conflict of Interpretations: Essays in Hermeneutics. Ihde, D. (Ed.). Northwestern University Press: Evanston, IL, USA.

[41] Kristeva, J., 1986. From Symbol to Sign. In: Moi, T. (Ed.). The Kristeva Reader. Columbia University Press: New York, NY, USA. pp. 62–73.

[42] Barthes, R., 1972. Mythologies. Lavers, A. (Trans.). Hill and Wang: New York, NY, USA.

[43] Florensky, P., 1997. The Pillar and Ground of the Truth: An Essay in Orthodox Theodicy in Twelve Letters. Jakim, B. (Trans.). Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA.

[44] Shpet, G., 1991. Appearance and Sense: Phenomenology as the Fundamental Science and Its Problems. Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

[45] Losev, A.F., 1993. Essays on Ancient Symbolism and Mythology. Mysl: Moscow, Russia. (in Russian)

[46] Averintsev, S.S., 1977. Poetics of Early Byzantine Literature. Nauka: Moscow, Russia. (in Russian)

[47] Martynov, V.I., 2002. The End of the Time of Composers. Russkiy put': Moscow, Russia. (in Russian)

[48] Agamben, G., 2017. The Fire and the Tale. Chiesa, L. (Trans.). Stanford University Press: Stanford, CA, USA.

[49] Lacan, J., 2004. The Instance of the Letter in the Unconscious, or Reason Since Freud. In Écrits: A Selection. Fink, B. (Trans.). W. W. Norton & Company: New York, NY, USA; London, UK. pp. 412–441.

[50] Lacan, J., 1993. The Seminar of Jacques Lacan, Book III: The Psychoses, 1955–1956. Miller, J.-A. (Ed.). Grigg, R. (Trans.). Routledge: New York, NY, USA.

[51] Fromm, E., 1950. Psychoanalysis and Religion. Yale University Press: New Haven, CT, USA.

[52] Heidegger, M., 2010. Being and Time. Stambaugh, J., Schmidt, D.J. (Trans.). State University of New York Press: Albany, NY, USA.

[53] Waterfield, R., 2000. The First Philosophers: The Presocratics and the Sophists. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.

[54] Kuhn, T.S., 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA.

[55] Fichte, J.G., 1994. Introductions to the Wissenschaftslehre and Other Writings, 1797–1800. Breazeale, D. (Ed. and Trans.). Hackett Publishing Company: Indianapolis, IN, USA.

[56] Husserl, E., 1970. Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology: An Introduction to Phenomenological Philosophy. Carr, D. (Trans.). Northwestern University Press: Evanston, IL, USA.

[57] Plato, 2002. Five Dialogues: Euthyphro, Apology, Crito, Meno, Phaedo. Grube, G.M.A. (Trans.). Hackett Publishing Company: Indianapolis, IN, USA.

[58] UNESCO, 1998. Philosophy for Children: Report. UNESCO: Paris, France. Available from: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000116115 (cited 16 November 2025).

[59] Lahav Ayalon, N., 2017. Play and Myth in Plato's Phaedrus. Childhood & Philosophy. 13(26), 129–152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12957/CHILDPHILO.2017.26563

[60] Naldoniová, L., 2023. Philosophy and Creativity with Children: Lipman, Vygotsky, Rodari. Ruch Filozoficzny. 80(1), 51–67. Available from: https://apcz.umk.pl/RF/article/view/46374

[61] Kizel, A. (Ed.), 2022. Philosophy with Children and Teacher Education: Global Perspectives on Critical, Creative and Caring Thinking. Routledge: London, UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003212737

[62] Kilby, B., 2025. Philosophy for/with Children: A Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research. 12(1), 26–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52380/ijcer.2025.12.1.703

[63] Wu, C., Chen, L., 2025. The Effects of Philosophy for Children on Children's Cognitive Development: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis. Journal of Intelligence. 13(10), 130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence13100130

[64] Boether, O., 2025. The Philosopher's Burden: Curiosity as the Primary Problem for Philosophers and the Failure of Imagination among Non-Philosophers. Available from: https://philarchive.org/rec/BOETPB-2 (cited 16 November 2025).

[65] Vaiana., L., 2024. Normal Madness, or the Other Face of the Life of Reason. Rocinante. 15, 101–113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19267/24R008

[66] Marcel, G., 2022. Being and Having. Legare Street Press: Charleston, SC, USA.

[67] Klumbytė, G., Jones, E., Braidotti, R. (Eds.), 2025. Posthuman Convergences: Transdisciplinary Methods and Practices. Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh, UK.

[68] Ferrando, F., 2020. Philosophical Posthumanism. Bloomsbury Academic: London, UK.

Downloads

Issue

Section

Articles